Dr. Vijay Kumar is a senior Surgical Oncologist working as an Additional Professor at Department of Surgical Oncology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow. He has numerous publications to his credits and is actively involved in academic and research activities. Although he operates on all solid tumors, he has a keen interest in Gynecological oncology and Head & Neck oncology. He is a dedicated teacher and takes interest in training his students. He is also a guide and co-guide for many Ph.D. and PG students.
Background : Differentiating malignancy from benign diseases is the key to successful management of adnexal masses. Risk of malignancy algorithm (ROMA) has been used for this purpose. We have prospectively studied the diagnostic value of ROMA in patients presented with adnexal masses.
Methods : We prospective calculated ROMA values prior to surgery for adnexal masses. The risk calculated was then correlated with the histological findings, and results were analyzed according to menopausal status. ROMA cutoff value was determined using ROC curve, and sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated. Statistics were performed on SPSS software (version 20.0).
Results There were 94 patients with adnexal masses included in the study, 65 (69.1%) had epithelial ovarian cancer and 29 (30.9%) were diagnosed benign on histopathology. In both pre- and postmenopausal patients, ROMA values were significantly higher in patients with malignancy compared to those with benign disease (p < 0.05). ROMA score was of a significant diagnostic value in both premenopausal (AUC = 0.914, Z = 10.81, p < 0.001) and postmenopausal patients (AUC = 0.975, Z = 21.51, p < 0.001). In premenopausal females, ROMA > 13.3% was able to discriminate malignant from benign patients with 97.06% sensitivity and 85.00% specificity. The positive and negative predictive values were 91.7% and 94.4%. Similarly, in postmenopausal females, ROMA value of > 76% achieved 87.10% sensitivity and 100.00% specificity in discriminating malignant from benign patients with 100% positive and 69.2% negative predictive value. The overall accuracy of ROMA in pre- and postmenopausal patients was 87.0% and 85%, respectively.
Conclusions: ROMA is a useful and accurate test for differentiating epithelial ovarian cancer from benign ovarian masses. Further studies are needed to compare performance of ROMA with the Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI), CA 125 and HE4. Such comparative studies will be helpful to the clinician in deciding the best diagnostic tool for women with adnexal masses.
Keywords ROMA · HE4 · CA 125 · Adnexal mass
Adnexal mass is a common clinical problem encountered
in daily practice. Both benign and early ovarian cancer can
present with the adnexal masses that are seen on imaging
performed for other reasons [1, 2]. There are no specific
symptoms which clinch the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
A woman’s lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer is
approximately 1 in 70 [3]. The presence of an adnexal mass
raises anxiety of patients. Multiple resources and money are
spent in diagnosing these lesions. Many of them result in
unnecessary surgery. It is important to correctly characterize
the true nature of these masses for their appropriate and
timely management [4]. According to a systematic review published in 2009, patients with ovarian cancer who are
managed in specialized centers by oncologist have improved
outcomes [5]. No screening protocol has yet been shown
to reduce the number of advanced-stage diagnoses or the
number of ovarian cancer deaths [6].
CA 125 is a widely utilized tumor marker for evaluation
of adnexal masses but lacks sensitivity and specificity [7]. A
risk of malignancy algorithm (ROMA) is a recent test, which
combines the serum CA 125 and HE4 with menopausal status
into a numerical score [8]. FDA has approved ROMA for
distinguishing malignant from benign pelvic masses recently
in 2011 [9]. There are few studies which had looked into
the value of this algorithm, but none has been carried out
so far in India. So, we undertook this study in north Indian
subset of females to know how well ROMA differentiates
malignant from benign ovarian masses.
Materials and Methods
This prospective study was conducted, in the Department of Surgical Oncology at a tertiary care teaching hospital, after the approval by institutional ethical committee. Patients were enrolled from January 2014 to January 2016 after informed written consent. At the time of presentation, complete clinical data were recorded. Patients aged above 18 years presenting with adnexal masses documented by imaging (USG/ CT/MRI) without any other suspicious clinical finding were included in this study. Exclusion criteria involved pregnant females, those with prior personal history of other cancer in the past or history of gynecological surgery and patients with concurrent heart/renal/liver failure.
ROMA Algorithm (Risk of Malignancy Algorithm)
ROMA uses serum CA 125 and HE4 values along with
menopausal status to generate a predictive index for epithelial
ovarian cancer. Before surgery, serum levels of CA
125 and HE4 were measured by fully automated Abbott/
ARCHITECT system utilizing the most sensitive Chemiluminescent
Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) technology.
ROMA score was calculated by the following formulas
where LN is the natural logarithm.
Premenopausal woman:
Predictive index (PI) = − 12.0 + 2.38 * LN
[HE4] + 0.0626 * LN [CA 125]
Postmenopausal woman:
Predictive index (PI) = − 8.09 + 1.04 * LN
[HE4] + 0.732*LN [CA 125]
ROMA score (%) = exp(PI)/[1 + exp(PI)] * 100
According to the CA 125 and HE4 immunoassay manufacturer
instructions, ROMA cutoff of 7.4% was taken for
premenopausal females and 25.3% was taken for postmenopausal
females.
Surgery
Patients operated for undiagnosed ovarian mass underwent oophorectomy. Decision for the extent of surgery was dependent on the intraoperative findings. For suspicious findings of ovarian cancer, patient was surgically staged and optimally cytoreduction was performed. In doubtful intraoperative situations, frozen section diagnosis guided the extent of surgery.
Statistical Analysis
Analyses were performed on SPSS software (version 20.0). Continuous groups were compared by independent/paired t test and categorical groups by Chi-square (χ2) test. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the ROMA values. A two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Among 94 patients, 29 (30.9%) were benign and 65 (69.1%) were epithelial ovarian cancer patients. The mean age among benign cases was 39.86 ± 2.45 years (range 18–70), while in malignant cases it was 44.40 ± 1.29 years (range 19–80) (p = 0.075). Among benign cases, 20 (69%) were premenopausal and 9 (31%) were postmenopausal. Similarly, in the malignant group, 34 (52.3%) were premenopausal and 31 (47.7%) were postmenopausal. This distribution of cases between both subgroups according to menopausal status was similar (p = 0.131) and hence not a confounding factor.
In benign cases, the most common histological subtypes were adenomas (27.6%) followed by others (24.1%) which included simple cyst and fibroma, tuberculosis (20.8%), endometriosis (16.6%) and dermoid (10.9%). In contrast, the most common malignant histological subtype was serous adenocarcinoma (84.6%) followed by mucinous adenocarcinomas (15.4%) only.
Among malignant cases, 3 (4.6%) patients were having
FIGO stage I disease, 9 (13.8%) stage II, 44 (67.7%) stage
III and 9 (13.8%) were having stage IV disease.
The values of ROMA were compared according to
their menopausal status between two subgroups of benign
and malignant cases. In premenopausal females, ROMA
percentage values were 16.83 ± 6.48 (range 0.2–98.7) in
benign and 78.25 ± 5.25 (range 5.6–99.9) in the malignant subgroup. In postmenopausal females, ROMA percentage
values were 39.34 ± 8.19 (range 7–76) in benign and
92.26 ± 2.08 (range 57–100) in the malignant subgroup.
On comparing, the values of ROMA in both pre- and
postmenopausal malignant cases were found significantly
(p < 0.05) higher as compared to benign cases.
In premenopausal females, ROMA (AUC = 0.914,
Z = 10.81, p < 0.001) showed a significant diagnostic
value. ROMA value of > 13.3% was able to discriminate
both subgroups of patients with 97.06% sensitivity (95%
CI 84.6–99.5) and 85.00% specificity (95% CI 62.1–96.6).
The positive and negative predictive values at this cutoff
were 91.7% and 94.4%, respectively. Overall accuracy in
premenopausal females was 87.0% (Table 1, Fig. 1).
In postmenopausal females, ROMA (AUC = 0.975,
Z = 21.51, p < 0.001) showed a significant diagnostic
value. ROMA value of > 76% achieved 87.10% sensitivity
(95% CI 70.1–96.3) and 100.00% specificity (95% CI
66.2–100) in discriminating both the subgroups. Also the
positive and negative predictive values were 100% and
69.2%, respectively. In postmenopausal female, ROMA
was found to be 85% accurate (Table 1, Fig. 2).
In 2011, Moore et al. found that ROMA identified 94% of all epithelial ovarian cancers as high risk and 75% of all benign diseases as low risk. They found ROMA to be 100% sensitive in premenopausal patients. After successful completion of this community-based trial, ROMA was approved by the FDA for distinguishing malignant from benign pelvic masses in 2011 [9]. There are few studies which evaluated ROMA before and after its FDA approval (Table 2). But there are many issues related with these studies. Firstly, the patient population included in malignant cases not only included epithelial ovarian cancer pathology, but also included non-epithelial histology and Krukenberg tumors also. Secondly, the assays used for CA 125 and HE4 were different and hence likely to distort the diagnostics of the test. Thirdly, in some studies the interpretation of ROMA result was done without considering the menopausal status, while in others interpretation was done according to their menopausal status. Lastly, the accuracy of the ROMA was reported by only four studies [10–13] And only two of them actually reported the accuracy according to their menopausal status [10, 12]. All of these factors make it difficult to compare and interpret the results of these studies. Compared to these studies, the patient selection in our study was homogenous and included only EOC in malignant group and benign ovarian masses in the benign group. The assay utilized in our study was CMIA, which is the most sensitive assay currently available. Also, we have reported sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and AUC in our study. According to our study, the risk of having malignancy is high if the values for ROMA were > 13.3% in premenopausal females and > 76% in postmenopausal females presenting with adnexal masses.
Few studies have been carried out to compare ROMA, CA 125 and HE4 according to the menopausal status of the females. Among premenopausal group, ROMA and HE4 had similar sensitivity to diagnose epithelial ovarian cancer but sensitivity of ROMA was less than CA 125. In terms of specificity, both these studies had found ROMA to be more specific than CA 125 but less specific than HE4 [10, 14].
Studies had found different results in the postmenopausal group. Bandiera et al. found ROMA to be less sensitive than CA 125 but more sensitive than HE4, while ROMA was more specific than CA 125 [14]. In another study, ROMA was found to be more sensitive than both CA 125 and HE4. But, specificity of ROMA was more than CA 125 [10]. Welldesigned studies, appropriate patients selection and methodology are essential before concluding the superiority of these diagnostic tests among them.
Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest
in the present study.
Ethical Approval All procedures performed in the present study involving
human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards
of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the
1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable
ethical standards.
